WRTDS Bibliography • EGRET

WRTDS References

This is a bibliography of published works that develop or use Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS). It is current as of May 2025 and includes a total of 275 references. It includes papers in scientific journals and government agency reports but not theses or dissertations or published drafts of government reports. The publications included here are those that develop or use WRTDS. Publications that reference WRTDS-related papers, but don’t use the method are not included. If you are aware of publications that should be on this list but aren’t there, please send an e-mail to comptools@usgs.gov.

This bibliography is organized in three sections:

The WRTDS Method: These are papers that define and explain aspects of the WRTDS methods written by members of the team that has developed the method and the related EGRET R-package (Exploration and Graphics for RivEr Trends). They cover a 10-year period (2010-2019) of development and enhancements of the method. The methods described are all included either in the EGRET or EGRETci packages or in additional R scripts that can be found under the “Articles” menu of the EGRET home page (https://doi-usgs.github.io/EGRET/).

Extending and Evaluating WRTDS: These are papers in which extensions have been made of the basic WRTDS methods to bring in other types of information or to provide other types of outputs. The list also includes papers that make comparisons between WRTDS and other statistical methods commonly used with river water quality data.

Regional Studies Using WRTDS: These are all papers that apply the WRTDS to the evaluation of conditions over a collection of monitoring sites. In a few cases these are just single sites but in most are based on a group of sites covering a region or even the entire United States.

The WRTDS Method

Choquette, Anne F, Robert M Hirsch, Jennifer C Murphy, LT Johnson, and RB Confesor Jr. 2019. “Tracking Changes in Nutrient Delivery to Western Lake Erie: Approaches to Compensate for Variability and Trends in Streamflow.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 45 (1): 21–39.

Hirsch, Robert M, Stacey A Archfield, and Laura A De Cicco. 2015. “A Bootstrap Method for Estimating Uncertainty of Water Quality Trends.” Environmental Modelling & Software 73: 148–66.

Hirsch, Robert M, and Laura A De Cicco. 2015. “User Guide to Exploration and Graphics for RivEr Trends (EGRET) and dataRetrieval: R Packages for Hydrologic Data.” 2328-7055. US Geological Survey.

Hirsch, Robert M., Douglas L. Moyer, and Stacey A. Archfield. 2010. “Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), with an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs1.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46 (5): 857–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00482.x.

Zhang, Qian, and Robert M Hirsch. 2019. “River Water‐quality Concentration and Flux Estimation Can Be Improved by Accounting for Serial Correlation Through an Autoregressive Model.” Water Resources Research 55 (11): 9705–23.

Extending and Evaluating WRTDS

Amaral, Vinícius J, Phoebe J Lam, Olivier Marchal, Montserrat Roca-Martí, James Fox, and Norman B Nelson. 2022. “Particle Cycling Rates at Station p as Estimated from the Inversion of POC Concentration Data.” Elem Sci Anth 10 (1): 00018.

Appling, Alison P, Miguel C Leon, and William H McDowell. 2015. “Reducing Bias and Quantifying Uncertainty in Watershed Flux Estimates: The r Package Loadflex.” Ecosphere 6 (12): 1–25.

Beck, Marcus W, and James D Hagy. 2015. “Adaptation of a Weighted Regression Approach to Evaluate Water Quality Trends in an Estuary.” Environmental Modeling & Assessment 20 (6): 637–55. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10666-015-9452-8.

Beck, Marcus W, James D Hagy, and Michael C Murrell. 2015. “Improving Estimates of Ecosystem Metabolism by Reducing Effects of Tidal Advection on Dissolved Oxygen Time Series.” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 13 (12): 731–45.

Beck, Marcus W, and Rebecca R Murphy. 2017. “Numerical and Qualitative Contrasts of Two Statistical Models for Water Quality Change in Tidal Waters.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 53 (1): 197–219.

Chanat, Jeffrey G., Douglas L. Moyer, Joel D. Blomquist, Kenneth E. Hyer, and Michael J. Langland. 2016. “Application of a Weighted Regression Model for Reporting Nutrient and Sediment Concentrations, Fluxes, and Trends in Concentration and Flux for the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network, Results Through Water Year 2012.” 2015-5133. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155133.

Chanat, Jeffrey G, and Guoxiang Yang. 2018. “Exploring Drivers of Regional Water‐quality Change Using Differential Spatially Referenced Regression—a Pilot Study in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.” Water Resources Research 54 (10): 8120–45.

Fanelli, Rosemary M, Joel D Blomquist, and Robert M Hirsch. 2019. “Point Sources and Agricultural Practices Control Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Orthophosphate in Tributaries to Chesapeake Bay.” Science of The Total Environment 652: 422–33.

Fang, Kuai, Jef Caers, and Kate Maher. 2024. “Modeling Continental US Stream Water Quality Using Long-Short Term Memory and Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season.” Frontiers in Water 6: 1456647.

Frankel, Luke T, Marjorie AM Friedrichs, Pierre St-Laurent, Aaron J Bever, Romuald N Lipcius, Gopal Bhatt, and Gary W Shenk. 2022. “Nitrogen Reductions Have Decreased Hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay: Evidence from Empirical and Numerical Modeling.” Science of the Total Environment 814: 152722.

Goswami, Anant, Pranesh Kumar Paul, Ramesh Rudra, Pradeep Kumar Goel, and Prasad Daggupati. 2022. “Evaluation of Statistical Models: Perspective of Water Quality Load Estimation.” Journal of Hydrology, 128721.

Hirsch, Robert M. 2014. “Large Biases in Regression‐based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 50 (6): 1401–24.

Humphreys, Kevin M, and David C Mays. 2025. “Evaluating Trends and Insights from Historical Suspended Sediment and Land Management Data in the South Fork Clearwater River Basin, Idaho County, Idaho, USA.” Hydrology 12 (3): 50.

Huntington, Thomas G, and James B Shanley. 2022. “A Systematic Increase in the Slope of the Concentration Discharge Relation for Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Forested Catchment in Vermont, USA.” Science of The Total Environment 844: 156954.

Isles, Peter DF. 2024. “A Random Forest Approach to Improve Estimates of Tributary Nutrient Loading.” Water Research 248: 120876.

Jung, Hoseung, Cornelius Senf, Burkhard Beudert, and Tobias Krueger. 2021. “Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of Nitrate Concentration in a Forest Stream Affected by Large‐scale Forest Dieback.” Water Resources Research 57 (2): e2020WR027264.

Jung, Kichul, Myoung-Jin Um, Momcilo Markus, and Daeryong Park. 2020. “Comparison of Long Short-Term Memory and Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season Models for Nitrate-n Load Estimation.” Sustainability 12 (15): 5942.

Kandel, Rajesh, and Rabin Bhattarai. 2018. “Comparison of Various Estimation Techniques to Predict Nitrate Load in Maumee River.” In, 1. American Society of Agricultural; Biological Engineers.

Kao, N, M Mohamed, RJ Sorichetti, A Niederkorn, P Van Cappellen, and CT Parsons. 2022. “Phosphorus Retention and Transformation in a Dammed Reservoir of the Thames River, Ontario: Impacts on Phosphorus Load and Speciation.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 48 (1): 84–96.

King, Tyler V, and Alysa M Yoder. 2025. “A Trend Analysis and Model Comparison of Total Phosphorus Concentrations and Loads in the Boise River Near Parma, Southwestern Idaho, Water Years 2003–21.” 2328-0328. US Geological Survey.

Kumar, Saurav, Adil Godrej, Harold Post, and Karl Berger. 2019. “The Value of Intensive Sampling—a Comparison of Fluvial Loads.” Water Resources Management 33: 4303–18.

Lee, Casey J, Robert M Hirsch, and Charles G Crawford. 2019. “An Evaluation of Methods for Computing Annual Water-Quality Loads.” Scientific Investigations Report2019-5084 2019-5084. US Geological Survey.

Lee, Casey J, Robert M Hirsch, Gregory E Schwarz, David J Holtschlag, Stephen D Preston, Charles G Crawford, and Aldo V Vecchia. 2016. “An Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Decadal Stream Loads.” Journal of Hydrology 542: 185–203.

Lee, Casey J, Jennifer C Murphy, Charles G Crawford, and Jeffrey R Deacon. 2017. “Methods for Computing Water-Quality Loads at Sites in the US Geological Survey National Water Quality Network.” 2331-1258. US Geological Survey.

Libera, Dominic A, A Sankarasubramanian, Ashish Sharma, and Brian J Reich. 2018. “A Non-Parametric Bootstrapping Framework Embedded in a Toolkit for Assessing Water Quality Model Performance.” Environmental Modelling & Software 107: 25–33.

Maestre, Alexander, and Eman El-Sheikh. n.d. “A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques for the Generation of River and Stream Water Quality Estimates.”

Maestre, Alexander, Derek Williamson, Eman El-Sheikh, and Amelia Ward. 2014. “A Machine Learning Tool for Weighted Regressions in Time, Discharge, and Season.” Inter J Adv Comp Sci App 5 (3): 99–106.

Markus, Momcilo, Misganaw Demissie, Matthew B Short, Siddhartha Verma, and Richard A Cooke. 2013. “Sensitivity Analysis of Annual Nitrate Loads and the Corresponding Trends in the Lower Illinois River.” Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 19 (3): 533–43.

Murphy, Jennifer C, Robert M Hirsch, and Lori A Sprague. 2014. “Antecedent Flow Conditions and Nitrate Concentrations in the Mississippi River Basin.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18 (3): 967–79.

Murphy, Jennifer, and Jeffrey Chanat. 2023. “Leveraging Machine Learning to Automate Regression Model Evaluations for Large Multi-Site Water-Quality Trend Studies.” Environmental Modelling & Software 170: 105864.

Murphy, J, L Schafer, and Scott Mize. 2023. “Differing Field Methods and Site Conditions Lead to Varying Bias in Suspended Sediment Concentrations in the Lower Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 195 (11): 1260.

Oelsner, Gretchen P, Lori A Sprague, Jennifer C Murphy, Robert E Zuellig, Henry M Johnson, Karen R Ryberg, James A Falcone, Edward G Stets, Aldo V Vecchia, and Melissa L Riskin. 2017. “Water-Quality Trends in the Nation’s Rivers and Streams, 1972–2012—Data Preparation, Statistical Methods, and Trend Results.” 2017-5006. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5006/sir20175006_ver2.0.pdf.

Osterholz, William, Vinayak Shedekar, Zachary Simpson, and Kevin King. 2022. “Resolving New and Old Phosphorus Source Contributions to Subsurface Tile Drainage with Weighted Regressions on Discharge and Season (WRDS).” Journal of Environmental Quality. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20426.

Park, Daeryong, Myoung-Jin Um, Momcilo Markus, Kichul Jung, Laura Keefer, and Siddhartha Verma. 2021. “Insights from an Evaluation of Nitrate Load Estimation Methods in the Midwestern United States.” Sustainability 13 (13): 7508.

Parr, Thomas B., Shreeram P. Inamdar, and Matthew J. Miller. 2019. “Overlapping Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrologic and Seasonal Trends in DOC in a Surface Water Dependent Water Utility.” Water Research 148: 407–15.

Pellerin, Brian A, Brian A Bergamaschi, Robert J Gilliom, Charles G Crawford, JohnFranco Saraceno, C Paul Frederick, Bryan D Downing, and Jennifer C Murphy. 2014. “Mississippi River Nitrate Loads from High Frequency Sensor Measurements and Regression-Based Load Estimation.” Environmental Science & Technology 48 (21): 12612–19.

Reisinger, Alexander J, Ellen Woytowitz, Emily Majcher, Emma J Rosi, Kenneth T Belt, Jonathan M Duncan, Sujay S Kaushal, and Peter M Groffman. 2019. “Changes in Long‐term Water Quality of Baltimore Streams Are Associated with Both Gray and Green Infrastructure.” Limnology and Oceanography 64: S60–76.

Robertson, Dale M, and Matthew W Diebel. 2020. “Importance of Accurately Quantifying Internal Loading in Developing Phosphorus Reduction Strategies for a Chain of Shallow Lakes.” Lake and Reservoir Management 36 (4): 391–411.

Rowland, Freya E, Craig A Stow, Laura T Johnson, and Robert M Hirsch. 2021. “Lake Erie Tributary Nutrient Trend Evaluation: Normalizing Concentrations and Loads to Reduce Flow Variability.” Ecological Indicators 125: 107601.

Saha, Gourab Kumer, Farshid Rahmani, Chaopeng Shen, Li Li, and Raj Cibin. 2023. “A Deep Learning-Based Novel Approach to Generate Continuous Daily Stream Nitrate Concentration for Nitrate Data-Sparse Watersheds.” Science of the Total Environment 878: 162930.

Saha, Gourab, Chaopeng Shen, Jonathan Duncan, and Raj Cibin. 2024. “Performance Evaluation of Deep Learning Based Stream Nitrate Concentration Prediction Model to Fill Stream Nitrate Data Gaps at Low-Frequency Nitrate Monitoring Basins.” Journal of Environmental Management 357: 120721.

Strickling, HL, and DR Obenour. 2018. “Leveraging Spatial and Temporal Variability to Probabilistically Characterize Nutrient Sources and Export Rates in a Developing Watershed.” Water Resources Research 54 (7): 5143–62.

Sun, Jiamei, Xinyuan Wei, Yu Zhou, Catherine Chan, and Jiaojiao Diao. 2022. “Hurricanes Substantially Reduce the Nutrients in Tropical Forested Watersheds in Puerto Rico.” Forests 13 (1): 71.

Vidon, Philippe, Diana L Karwan, A Scott Andres, Shreeram Inamdar, Sujay Kaushal, Jonathan Morrison, John Mullaney, Donald S Ross, Andrew W Schroth, and James B Shanley. 2018. “In the Path of the Hurricane: Impact of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on Watershed Hydrology and Biogeochemistry from North Carolina to Maine, USA.” Biogeochemistry 141 (3): 351–64.

Wang, Benya, Matthew R Hipsey, and Carolyn Oldham. 2020. “ML-SWAN-V1: A Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for the Concentration Prediction and Discovery of Transport Pathways of Surface Water Nutrients.” Geoscientific Model Development 13 (9): 4253–70.

Warrick, Jonathan A. 2015. “Trend Analyses with River Sediment Rating Curves.” Hydrological Processes 29 (6): 936–49.

Wei, Xinyuan, Daniel J Hayes, and Ivan Fernandez. 2021. “Fire Reduces Riverine DOC Concentration Draining a Watershed and Alters Post-Fire DOC Recovery Patterns.” Environmental Research Letters 16 (2): 024022.

Wei, Xinyuan, Daniel J Hayes, Peijia Ku, Xiaojuan Yang, and Daniel M Ricciuto. 2023. “Diminishing Marginal Effect in Estimating the Dissolved Organic Carbon Export from a Watershed.” Environmental Research Communications 5 (3): 031003.

Woodward, Simon JR, and Roland Stenger. 2020. “Extension of Bayesian Chemistry-Assisted Hydrograph Separation to Reveal Water Quality Trends (BACH2).” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 34 (12): 2053–69.

Zhang, Qian. 2018. “Synthesis of Nutrient and Sediment Export Patterns in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Complex and Non-Stationary Concentration-Discharge Relationships.” Science of The Total Environment 618: 1268–83.

Zhang, Qian, and William P Ball. 2017. “Improving Riverine Constituent Concentration and Flux Estimation by Accounting for Antecedent Discharge Conditions.” Journal of Hydrology 547: 387–402.

Zhang, Qian, Joel D Blomquist, Douglas L Moyer, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2019. “Estimation Bias in Water-Quality Constituent Concentrations and Fluxes: A Synthesis for Chesapeake Bay Rivers and Streams.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 109.

Zhang, Qian, Damian C Brady, Walter R Boynton, and William P Ball. 2015. “Long‐term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51 (6): 1534–55.

Zhang, Qian, Ciaran J Harman, and William P Ball. 2016. “An Improved Method for Interpretation of Riverine Concentration‐discharge Relationships Indicates Long‐term Shifts in Reservoir Sediment Trapping.” Geophysical Research Letters 43 (19): 10–215.

Zhang, Qian, Ciaran J Harman, and James W Kirchner. 2018. “Evaluation of Statistical Methods for Quantifying Fractal Scaling in Water-Quality Time Series with Irregular Sampling.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22 (2): 1175–92.

Zhang, Qian, James S Webber, Douglas L Moyer, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2021. “An Approach for Decomposing River Water-Quality Trends into Different Flow Classes.” Science of The Total Environment 755: 143562.

Regional Studies Using WRTDS

Abbott, Benjamin W, Gérard Gruau, Jay P Zarnetske, Florentina Moatar, Lou Barbe, Zahra Thomas, Ophélie Fovet, Tamara Kolbe, Sen Gu, and Anne‐Catherine Pierson‐Wickmann. 2018. “Unexpected Spatial Stability of Water Chemistry in Headwater Stream Networks.” Ecology Letters 21 (2): 296–308.

Alam, Md Shahin, Bangshuai Han, Amy Gregg, and John Pichtel. 2020. “Nitrate and Biochemical Oxygen Demand Change in a Typical Midwest Stream in the Past Two Decades.” H2Open Journal 3 (1): 519–37.

Anderson, Elliot, Keith Schilling, Christopher Jones, Larry Weber, and Calvin Wolter. 2024. “Iowa’s Annual Phosphorus Budget: Quantifying the Inputs and Outputs of Phosphorus Transport Processes.” Land 13 (9): 1483.

Aniekwensi, Emeka, and Ehsan Ghane. 2025. “Contribution of New and Old Phosphorus from Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers in Subsurface-Drained Fields Using Machine Learning.” agriRxiv, no. 2025: 20250162072.

Ator, Scott W, Joel D Blomquist, James S Webber, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2020. “Factors Driving Nutrient Trends in Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.” Journal of Environmental Quality 49 (4): 812–34.

Ator, Scott W, John W Brakebill, and Joel D Blomquist. 2011. Sources, Fate, and Transport of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: An Empirical Model. U.s. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5167. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5167/.

Ator, Scott W, and Judith M Denver. 2015. Understanding the Nutrients in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Implications for Management and Restoration: The Eastern Shore. U.s. Geological Survey, Circular 1406. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1406/.

Ator, Scott W, Ana Maria García, Gregory E Schwarz, Joel D Blomquist, and Andrew J Sekellick. 2019. “Toward Explaining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Trends in Chesapeake Bay Tributaries, 1992–2012.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 55 (5): 1149–68.

Ballard, Tristan C, Eva Sinha, and Anna M Michalak. 2019. “Long-Term Changes in Precipitation and Temperature Have Already Impacted Nitrogen Loading.” Environmental Science & Technology 53 (9): 5080–90.

Barr, Miya N, and Stephen J Kalkhoff. 2021. Water-Quality Trends of Urban Streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18. U.s. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5130. US Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205130.

Beck, Marcus W, Thomas W Jabusch, Philip R Trowbridge, and David B Senn. 2018. “Four Decades of Water Quality Change in the Upper San Francisco Estuary.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 212: 11–22.

Bern, Carleton R, Manya H Ruckhaus, and Erin Hennessy. 2024. “Potential Climate and Human Water-Use Effects on Water-Quality Trends in a Semiarid, Western US Watershed: Fountain Creek, Colorado, USA.” Water 16 (10): 1343.

Bettez, Neil D, Jonathan M Duncan, Peter M Groffman, Lawrence E Band, Jarlath O’Neil-Dunne, Sujay S Kaushal, Kenneth T Belt, and Neely Law. 2015. “Climate Variation Overwhelms Efforts to Reduce Nitrogen Delivery to Coastal Waters.” Ecosystems 18 (8): 1319–31.

Bird, Darcy L, Peter M Groffman, Christopher J Salice, and Joel Moore. 2018. “Steady-State Land Cover but Non-Steady-State Major Ion Chemistry in Urban Streams.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (22): 13015–26.

Bocaniov, Serghei Anatolii, Donald Scavia, and Philippe Van Cappellen. 2023. “Long-Term Phosphorus Mass-Balance of Lake Erie (Canada-USA) Reveals a Major Contribution of in-Lake Phosphorus Loading.” Ecological Informatics 77: 102131.

Bostic, Joel T, David M Nelson, and Keith N Eshleman. 2023. “Downpour Dynamics: Outsized Impacts of Storm Events on Unprocessed Atmospheric Nitrate Export in an Urban Watershed.” Biogeosciences 20 (12): 2485–98.

Botero-Acosta, Alejandra, Gregory F McIsaac, Ellen Gilinsky, Richard Warner, and Jong S Lee. 2025. “Nitrate-n Trends in Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basin Watersheds: Exploring Correlations of Watershed Features with Nutrient Trends Components 2000–2020.” Science of The Total Environment 970: 179042.

Botero-Acosta, Alejandra, Gregory McIsaac, Ellen Gilinsky, Richard Warner, Jong Lee, and Laura Kammin. 2025. “Total Phosphorus Trends in Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basin Watersheds: Exploring the Roles of Streamflow and Watershed Features 2000-2020.”

Bouraoui, Fayçal, and Anna Malagó. 2020. “Trend Analysis of Nitrate Concentration in Rivers in Southern France.” Water 12 (12): 3374.

Bowen, Zachary H, Gretchen P Oelsner, Brian S Cade, Tanya J Gallegos, Aida M Farag, David N Mott, Christopher J Potter, Peter J Cinotto, Melanie L Clark, and William M Kappel. 2015. “Assessment of Surface Water Chloride and Conductivity Trends in Areas of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development—Why Existing National Data Sets Cannot Tell Us What We Would Like to Know.” Water Resources Research 51 (1): 704–15.

Canion, Andy, Victoria Hoge, John Hendrickson, Thomas Jobes, and Dean Dobberfuhl. 2022. “Trends in Phosphorus Fluxes Are Driven by Intensification of Biosolids Applications in the Upper St. Johns River Basin (Florida, United States).” Lake and Reservoir Management 38 (3): 215–27.

Canion, Andy, Victoria Hoge, T Jobes, and D Dobberfulh. 2021. “Phosphorus and Nitrogen Export Associated with Biosolids Applications in Tributary Watersheds of the St. Johns River.”

Castiblanco, Emma S, Peter M Groffman, Jonathan Duncan, Lawrence E Band, Edward Doheny, Gary T Fisher, Emma Rosi, and Amanda K Suchy. 2023. “Long-Term Trends in Nitrate and Chloride in Streams in an Exurban Watershed.” Urban Ecosystems 26 (3): 831–44.

Chang, Shuyu Y, Qian Zhang, Danyka K Byrnes, Nandita B Basu, and Kimberly J Van Meter. 2021. “Chesapeake Legacies: The Importance of Legacy Nitrogen to Improving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality.” Environmental Research Letters 16 (8): 085002.

Cheng, Yiwei, Ved N Bhoot, Karl Kumbier, Marilou P Sison-Mangus, James B Brown, Raphael Kudela, and Michelle E Newcomer. 2021. “A Novel Random Forest Approach to Revealing Interactions and Controls on Chlorophyll Concentration and Bacterial Communities During Coastal Phytoplankton Blooms.” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 19944.

Chowdhury, Qualbe Shadman. 2018. “Biogeochemical Signatures of the Great Lakes Watersheds.”

Cooper, Rachael Z, Sarina J Ergas, and Mahmood Nachabe. 2024. “Multi-Decadal Nutrient Management and Trends in Two Catchments of Lake Okeechobee.” Resources 13 (2): 28.

Corsi, Steven R, Laura A De Cicco, Michelle A Lutz, and Robert M Hirsch. 2015. “River Chloride Trends in Snow-Affected Urban Watersheds: Increasing Concentrations Outpace Urban Growth Rate and Are Common Among All Seasons.” Science of the Total Environment 508: 488–97.

Crawford, John T, Eve-Lyn S Hinckley, M Iggy Litaor, Janice Brahney, and Jason C Neff. 2019. “Evidence for Accelerated Weathering and Sulfate Export in High Alpine Environments.” Environmental Research Letters 14 (12): 124092.

Crawford, John T, Edward G Stets, and Lori A Sprague. 2019. “Network Controls on Mean and Variance of Nitrate Loads from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.” Journal of Environmental Quality 48 (6): 1789–99.

Day, Natalie K. 2021. Assessment of Streamflow and Water Quality in the Upper Yampa River Basin, Colorado, 1992–2018. US Geological Survey.

———. 2023. “Characterization of Streamflow and Nutrient Occurrence in the Upper White River Basin, Colorado, 1980–2020.” 2328-0328. US Geological Survey.

Deemer, Bridget R, Edward G Stets, and Charles B Yackulic. 2020. “Calcite Precipitation in Lake Powell Reduces Alkalinity and Total Salt Loading to the Lower Colorado River Basin.” Limnology and Oceanography 65 (7): 1439–55.

Domagalski, Joseph L, Eric Morway, Nancy L Alvarez, Juliet Hutchins, Michael R Rosen, and Robert Coats. 2021. “Trends in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sediment Concentrations and Loads in Streams Draining to Lake Tahoe, California, Nevada, USA.” Science of The Total Environment 752: 141815.

Domagalski, Joseph, Charles N Alpers, Chris S Eckley, and Collin A Eagles-Smith. 2024. “Comparison of Mercury Mass Loading in Streams to Atmospheric Deposition in Selected Watersheds in the Western United States: Evidence for Non-Atmospheric Mercury Sources.” In, 56:403411.

Duncan, Jonathan M, Lawrence E Band, Peter M Groffman, and Emily S Bernhardt. 2015. “Mechanisms Driving the Seasonality of Catchment Scale Nitrate Export: Evidence for Riparian Ecohydrologic Controls.” Water Resources Research 51 (6): 3982–97.

Dupas, Rémi, Sophie Ehrhardt, Andreas Musolff, Ophélie Fovet, and Patrick Durand. 2020. “Long-Term Nitrogen Retention and Transit Time Distribution in Agricultural Catchments in Western France.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (11): 115011.

Easton, Zach, Kurt Stephenson, JK Böhlke, Anthony Buda, Amy Collick, Lara Fowler, Ellen Gilinsky, Carl Hershner, Andrew Miller, and Gregory Noe10. 2023. “Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee: Evaluation of Watershed System Response to Nutrient and Sediment Policy and Management.”

Ebeling, Pia, Rémi Dupas, Benjamin Abbott, Rohini Kumar, Sophie Ehrhardt, Jan H Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff. 2021. “Long‐term Nitrate Trajectories Vary by Season in Western European Catchments.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35 (9): e2021GB007050.

Ebeling, Pia, Rohini Kumar, Stefanie R Lutz, Tam Nguyen, Fanny Sarrazin, Michael Weber, Olaf Büttner, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Musolff. 2022a. “QUADICA: Water QUAlity, DIscharge and Catchment Attributes for Large-Sample Studies in Germany.” Earth System Science Data 14 (8): 3715–41.

———. 2022b. “Water Quality, Discharge and Catchment Attributes for Large-Sample Studies in Germany–Quadica.” Earth System Science Data Discussions 2022: 1–41.

Ehrhardt, Sophie, Pia Ebeling, Rémi Dupas, Rohini Kumar, Jan H Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff. 2021. “Nitrate Transport and Retention in Western European Catchments Are Shaped by Hydroclimate and Subsurface Properties.” Water Resources Research 57 (10): e2020WR029469.

Ehrhardt, Sophie, Rohini Kumar, Jan H Fleckenstein, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Musolff. 2019. “Trajectories of Nitrate Input and Output in Three Nested Catchments Along a Land Use Gradient.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23 (9): 3503–24.

Eng, Lauren E, and Todd M Scanlon. 2021. “Comparison of Northeastern and Southeastern US Watershed Response to the Declines in Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition.” Atmospheric Environment 253: 118365.

Eshleman, Keith N, Robert D Sabo, and Kathleen M Kline. 2013. “Surface Water Quality Is Improving Due to Declining Atmospheric n Deposition.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (21): 12193–200.

Feinberg, Aryeh, Andrea Stenke, Thomas Peter, Eve-Lyn S Hinckley, Charles T Driscoll, and Lenny HE Winkel. 2021. “Reductions in the Deposition of Sulfur and Selenium to Agricultural Soils Pose Risk of Future Nutrient Deficiencies.” Communications Earth & Environment 2 (1): 101.

Fleming, PM, K Stephenson, AS Collick, and ZM Easton. 2022. “Targeting for Nonpoint Source Pollution Reduction: A Synthesis of Lessons Learned, Remaining Challenges, and Emerging Opportunities.” Journal of Environmental Management 308: 114649.

Gerasyuk, VS, NV Likhtanskaya, VV Sorokina, and SV Berdnikov. 2025. “Organic Matter Runoff from the Don River into the Sea of Azov During the Low-Water Period of 2007–2020.” Water Resources 52 (2): 297–309.

Getahun, Elias, Laura Keefer, Sangeetha Chandrasekaran, and Atticus Zavelle. 2019. “Water Quality Trend Analysis for the Fox River Watershed: Stratton Dam to the Illinois River.” CR-2019-04. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/103009.

Getahun, Elias, and Atticus Zavelle. 2023. “Water Quality Trends for Selected Constituents in the Fox River Watershed: Stratton Dam to the Illinois River.” CR 2023-03.

Gloege, Lucas, Galen A McKinley, Robert J Mooney, J David Allan, Matthew W Diebel, and Peter B McIntyre. 2020. “Lake Hydrodynamics Intensify the Potential Impact of Watershed Pollutants on Coastal Ecosystem Services.” Environmental Research Letters 15 (6): 064028.

Graham, Matt, and Kaitlyn Ng. 2024. “Concentrations and Loads of Metals, Nutrients and Organic Contaminants Entering the St. Lawrence River at Wolfe Island, 2000 to 2019.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 50 (3): 102340.

Grantz, Erin M, and Brian E Haggard. 2022. “CONSTITUENT LOADS AND TRENDS IN TWO NORTHWEST ARKANSAS NONPOINT SOURCE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PRIORITY WATERSHEDS.”

———. 2023. “Constituent Loads and Trends in the Upper Illinois River Watershed: A Nonpoint Source Management Program Priority Watershed.”

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