WRTDS Bibliography • EGRET

WRTDS References

This is a bibliography of published works that develop or use Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS). It is current as of December 2022. It includes papers in scientific journals and government agency reports but not theses or dissertations or published drafts of government reports. The publications included here are those that develop or use WRTDS. Publications that reference WRTDS-related papers, but don’t use the method are not included.

This bibliography is organized in three sections:

The WRTDS Method: These are papers that define and explain aspects of the WRTDS methods written by members of the team that has developed the method and the related EGRET R-package (Exploration and Graphics for RivEr Trends). They cover a 10-year period (2010-2019) of development and enhancements of the method. The methods described are all included either in the EGRET or EGRETci packages or in additional R scripts that can be found under the “Articles” menu of the EGRET home page (https://rconnect.usgs.gov/EGRET/).

Extending and Evaluating WRTDS: These are papers in which extensions have been made of the basic WRTDS methods to bring in other types of information or to provide other types of outputs. The list also includes papers that make comparisons between WRTDS and other statistical methods commonly used with river water quality data.

Regional Studies Using WRTDS: These are all papers that apply the WRTDS to the evaluation of conditions over a collection of monitoring sites. In a few cases these are just single sites but in most are based on a group of sites covering a region or even the entire United States.

The WRTDS Method

Choquette, Anne F, Robert M Hirsch, Jennifer C Murphy, LT Johnson, and RB Confesor Jr. 2019. “Tracking Changes in Nutrient Delivery to Western Lake Erie: Approaches to Compensate for Variability and Trends in Streamflow.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 45 (1): 21–39.

Hirsch, Robert M, Stacey A Archfield, and Laura A De Cicco. 2015. “A Bootstrap Method for Estimating Uncertainty of Water Quality Trends.” Environmental Modelling & Software 73: 148–66.

Hirsch, Robert M, and Laura A De Cicco. 2015. “User Guide to Exploration and Graphics for RivEr Trends (EGRET) and dataRetrieval: R Packages for Hydrologic Data.” 2328-7055. U.S. Geological Survey.

Hirsch, Robert M., Douglas L. Moyer, and Stacey A. Archfield. 2010. “Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), with an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs1.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46 (5): 857–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00482.x.

Zhang, Qian, and Robert M Hirsch. 2019. “River Water‐quality Concentration and Flux Estimation Can Be Improved by Accounting for Serial Correlation Through an Autoregressive Model.” Water Resources Research 55 (11): 9705–23.

Extending and Evaluating WRTDS

Amaral, Vinícius J, Phoebe J Lam, Olivier Marchal, Montserrat Roca-Martí, James Fox, and Norman B Nelson. 2022. “Particle Cycling Rates at Station p as Estimated from the Inversion of POC Concentration Data.” Elem Sci Anth 10 (1): 00018.

Appling, Alison P, Miguel C Leon, and William H McDowell. 2015. “Reducing Bias and Quantifying Uncertainty in Watershed Flux Estimates: The r Package Loadflex.” Ecosphere 6 (12): 1–25.

Beck, Marcus W, and James D Hagy. 2015. “Adaptation of a Weighted Regression Approach to Evaluate Water Quality Trends in an Estuary.” Environmental Modeling & Assessment 20 (6): 637–55. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10666-015-9452-8.

Beck, Marcus W, James D Hagy, and Michael C Murrell. 2015. “Improving Estimates of Ecosystem Metabolism by Reducing Effects of Tidal Advection on Dissolved Oxygen Time Series.” Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 13 (12): 731–45.

Beck, Marcus W, and Rebecca R Murphy. 2017. “Numerical and Qualitative Contrasts of Two Statistical Models for Water Quality Change in Tidal Waters.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 53 (1): 197–219.

Chanat, Jeffrey G., Douglas L. Moyer, Joel D. Blomquist, Kenneth E. Hyer, and Michael J. Langland. 2016. “Application of a Weighted Regression Model for Reporting Nutrient and Sediment Concentrations, Fluxes, and Trends in Concentration and Flux for the Chesapeake Bay Nontidal Water-Quality Monitoring Network, Results Through Water Year 2012.” 2015-5133. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20155133.

Chanat, Jeffrey G, and Guoxiang Yang. 2018. “Exploring Drivers of Regional Water‐quality Change Using Differential Spatially Referenced Regression—a Pilot Study in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.” Water Resources Research 54 (10): 8120–45.

Fanelli, Rosemary M, Joel D Blomquist, and Robert M Hirsch. 2019. “Point Sources and Agricultural Practices Control Spatial-Temporal Patterns of Orthophosphate in Tributaries to Chesapeake Bay.” Science of The Total Environment 652: 422–33.

Frankel, Luke T, Marjorie AM Friedrichs, Pierre St-Laurent, Aaron J Bever, Romuald N Lipcius, Gopal Bhatt, and Gary W Shenk. 2022. “Nitrogen Reductions Have Decreased Hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay: Evidence from Empirical and Numerical Modeling.” Science of the Total Environment 814: 152722.

Goswami, Anant, Pranesh Kumar Paul, Ramesh Rudra, Pradeep Kumar Goel, and Prasad Daggupati. 2022. “Evaluation of Statistical Models: Perspective of Water Quality Load Estimation.” Journal of Hydrology, 128721.

Hirsch, Robert M. 2014. “Large Biases in Regression‐based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 50 (6): 1401–24.

Huntington, Thomas G, and James B Shanley. 2022. “A Systematic Increase in the Slope of the Concentration Discharge Relation for Dissolved Organic Carbon in a Forested Catchment in Vermont, USA.” Science of The Total Environment 844: 156954.

Jung, Hoseung, Cornelius Senf, Burkhard Beudert, and Tobias Krueger. 2021. “Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of Nitrate Concentration in a Forest Stream Affected by Large‐scale Forest Dieback.” Water Resources Research 57 (2): e2020WR027264.

Kao, N, M Mohamed, RJ Sorichetti, A Niederkorn, P Van Cappellen, and CT Parsons. 2022. “Phosphorus Retention and Transformation in a Dammed Reservoir of the Thames River, Ontario: Impacts on Phosphorus Load and Speciation.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 48 (1): 84–96.

Lee, Casey J, Robert M Hirsch, and Charles G Crawford. 2019. “An Evaluation of Methods for Computing Annual Water-Quality Loads.” Scientific Investigations Report, 2019-5084. U.S. Geological Survey.

Lee, Casey J, Robert M Hirsch, Gregory E Schwarz, David J Holtschlag, Stephen D Preston, Charles G Crawford, and Aldo V Vecchia. 2016. “An Evaluation of Methods for Estimating Decadal Stream Loads.” Journal of Hydrology 542: 185–203.

Libera, Dominic A, A Sankarasubramanian, Ashish Sharma, and Brian J Reich. 2018. “A Non-Parametric Bootstrapping Framework Embedded in a Toolkit for Assessing Water Quality Model Performance.” Environmental Modelling & Software 107: 25–33.

Maestre, Alexander, Derek Williamson, Eman El-Sheikh, and Amelia Ward. 2014. “A Machine Learning Tool for Weighted Regressions in Time, Discharge, and Season.” Inter J Adv Comp Sci App 5 (3): 99–106.

Markus, Momcilo, Misganaw Demissie, Matthew B Short, Siddhartha Verma, and Richard A Cooke. 2013. “Sensitivity Analysis of Annual Nitrate Loads and the Corresponding Trends in the Lower Illinois River.” Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 19 (3): 533–43.

Murphy, Jennifer C, Robert M Hirsch, and Lori A Sprague. 2014. “Antecedent Flow Conditions and Nitrate Concentrations in the Mississippi River Basin.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18 (3): 967–79.

Murphy, Jennifer, and Lori Sprague. 2019. “Water-Quality Trends in US Rivers: Exploring Effects from Streamflow Trends and Changes in Watershed Management.” Science of the Total Environment 656: 645–58.

Osterholz, William, Vinayak Shedekar, Zachary Simpson, and Kevin King. 2022. “Resolving New and Old Phosphorus Source Contributions to Subsurface Tile Drainage with Weighted Regressions on Discharge and Season (WRDS).” Journal of Environmental Quality. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20426.

Park, Daeryong, Myoung-Jin Um, Momcilo Markus, Kichul Jung, Laura Keefer, and Siddhartha Verma. 2021. “Insights from an Evaluation of Nitrate Load Estimation Methods in the Midwestern United States.” Sustainability 13 (13): 7508.

Parr, Thomas B., Shreeram P. Inamdar, and Matthew J. Miller. 2019. “Overlapping Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrologic and Seasonal Trends in DOC in a Surface Water Dependent Water Utility.” Water Research 148: 407–15.

Reisinger, Alexander J, Ellen Woytowitz, Emily Majcher, Emma J Rosi, Kenneth T Belt, Jonathan M Duncan, Sujay S Kaushal, and Peter M Groffman. 2019. “Changes in Long‐term Water Quality of Baltimore Streams Are Associated with Both Gray and Green Infrastructure.” Limnology and Oceanography 64: S60–76.

Robertson, Dale M, and Matthew W Diebel. 2020. “Importance of Accurately Quantifying Internal Loading in Developing Phosphorus Reduction Strategies for a Chain of Shallow Lakes.” Lake and Reservoir Management 36 (4): 391–411.

Rowland, Freya E, Craig A Stow, Laura T Johnson, and Robert M Hirsch. 2021. “Lake Erie Tributary Nutrient Trend Evaluation: Normalizing Concentrations and Loads to Reduce Flow Variability.” Ecological Indicators 125: 107601.

Strickling, HL, and DR Obenour. 2018. “Leveraging Spatial and Temporal Variability to Probabilistically Characterize Nutrient Sources and Export Rates in a Developing Watershed.” Water Resources Research 54 (7): 5143–62.

Vidon, Philippe, Diana L Karwan, A Scott Andres, Shreeram Inamdar, Sujay Kaushal, Jonathan Morrison, John Mullaney, Donald S Ross, Andrew W Schroth, and James B Shanley. 2018. “In the Path of the Hurricane: Impact of Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee on Watershed Hydrology and Biogeochemistry from North Carolina to Maine, USA.” Biogeochemistry 141 (3): 351–64.

Wang, Benya, Matthew R Hipsey, and Carolyn Oldham. 2020. “ML-SWAN-V1: A Hybrid Machine Learning Framework for the Concentration Prediction and Discovery of Transport Pathways of Surface Water Nutrients.” Geoscientific Model Development 13 (9): 4253–70.

Warrick, Jonathan A. 2015. “Trend Analyses with River Sediment Rating Curves.” Hydrological Processes 29 (6): 936–49.

Woodward, Simon JR, and Roland Stenger. 2020. “Extension of Bayesian Chemistry-Assisted Hydrograph Separation to Reveal Water Quality Trends (BACH2).” Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 34 (12): 2053–69.

Zhang, Qian. 2018. “Synthesis of Nutrient and Sediment Export Patterns in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Complex and Non-Stationary Concentration-Discharge Relationships.” Science of The Total Environment 618: 1268–83.

Zhang, Qian, and William P Ball. 2017. “Improving Riverine Constituent Concentration and Flux Estimation by Accounting for Antecedent Discharge Conditions.” Journal of Hydrology 547: 387–402.

Zhang, Qian, Joel D Blomquist, Douglas L Moyer, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2019. “Estimation Bias in Water-Quality Constituent Concentrations and Fluxes: A Synthesis for Chesapeake Bay Rivers and Streams.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7: 109.

Zhang, Qian, Damian C Brady, Walter R Boynton, and William P Ball. 2015. “Long‐term Trends of Nutrients and Sediment from the Nontidal Chesapeake Watershed: An Assessment of Progress by River and Season.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51 (6): 1534–55.

Zhang, Qian, Ciaran J Harman, and William P Ball. 2016. “An Improved Method for Interpretation of Riverine Concentration‐discharge Relationships Indicates Long‐term Shifts in Reservoir Sediment Trapping.” Geophysical Research Letters 43 (19): 10–215.

Zhang, Qian, Ciaran J Harman, and James W Kirchner. 2018. “Evaluation of Statistical Methods for Quantifying Fractal Scaling in Water-Quality Time Series with Irregular Sampling.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22 (2): 1175–92.

Zhang, Qian, James S Webber, Douglas L Moyer, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2021. “An Approach for Decomposing River Water-Quality Trends into Different Flow Classes.” Science of The Total Environment 755: 143562.

Regional Studies Using WRTDS

Abbott, Benjamin W, Gérard Gruau, Jay P Zarnetske, Florentina Moatar, Lou Barbe, Zahra Thomas, Ophélie Fovet, Tamara Kolbe, Sen Gu, and Anne‐Catherine Pierson‐Wickmann. 2018. “Unexpected Spatial Stability of Water Chemistry in Headwater Stream Networks.” Ecology Letters 21 (2): 296–308.

Alam, Md Shahin, Bangshuai Han, Amy Gregg, and John Pichtel. 2020. “Nitrate and Biochemical Oxygen Demand Change in a Typical Midwest Stream in the Past Two Decades.” H2Open Journal 3 (1): 519–37.

Ator, Scott W, Joel D Blomquist, James S Webber, and Jeffrey G Chanat. 2020. “Factors Driving Nutrient Trends in Streams of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.” Journal of Environmental Quality 49 (4): 812–34.

Ator, Scott W, John W Brakebill, and Joel D Blomquist. 2011. Sources, Fate, and Transport of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: An Empirical Model. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2011-5167. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5167/.

Ator, Scott W, and Judith M Denver. 2015. Understanding the Nutrients in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and Implications for Management and Restoration: The Eastern Shore. U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 1406. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1406/.

Ator, Scott W, Ana Maria García, Gregory E Schwarz, Joel D Blomquist, and Andrew J Sekellick. 2019. “Toward Explaining Nitrogen and Phosphorus Trends in Chesapeake Bay Tributaries, 1992–2012.” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 55 (5): 1149–68.

Ballard, Tristan C, Eva Sinha, and Anna M Michalak. 2019. “Long-Term Changes in Precipitation and Temperature Have Already Impacted Nitrogen Loading.” Environmental Science & Technology 53 (9): 5080–90.

Barr, Miya N, and Stephen J Kalkhoff. 2021. Water-Quality Trends of Urban Streams in Independence, Missouri, 2005–18. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2020-5130. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205130.

Beck, Marcus W, Thomas W Jabusch, Philip R Trowbridge, and David B Senn. 2018. “Four Decades of Water Quality Change in the Upper San Francisco Estuary.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 212: 11–22.

Bettez, Neil D, Jonathan M Duncan, Peter M Groffman, Lawrence E Band, Jarlath O’Neil-Dunne, Sujay S Kaushal, Kenneth T Belt, and Neely Law. 2015. “Climate Variation Overwhelms Efforts to Reduce Nitrogen Delivery to Coastal Waters.” Ecosystems 18 (8): 1319–31.

Bird, Darcy L, Peter M Groffman, Christopher J Salice, and Joel Moore. 2018. “Steady-State Land Cover but Non-Steady-State Major Ion Chemistry in Urban Streams.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (22): 13015–26.

Bouraoui, Fayçal, and Anna Malagó. 2020. “Trend Analysis of Nitrate Concentration in Rivers in Southern France.” Water 12 (12): 3374.

Bowen, Zachary H, Gretchen P Oelsner, Brian S Cade, Tanya J Gallegos, Aida M Farag, David N Mott, Christopher J Potter, Peter J Cinotto, Melanie L Clark, and William M Kappel. 2015. “Assessment of Surface Water Chloride and Conductivity Trends in Areas of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development—Why Existing National Data Sets Cannot Tell Us What We Would Like to Know.” Water Resources Research 51 (1): 704–15.

Chang, Shuyu Y, Qian Zhang, Danyka K Byrnes, Nandita B Basu, and Kimberly J Van Meter. 2021. “Chesapeake Legacies: The Importance of Legacy Nitrogen to Improving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality.” Environmental Research Letters 16 (8): 085002.

Corsi, Steven R, Laura A De Cicco, Michelle A Lutz, and Robert M Hirsch. 2015. “River Chloride Trends in Snow-Affected Urban Watersheds: Increasing Concentrations Outpace Urban Growth Rate and Are Common Among All Seasons.” Science of the Total Environment 508: 488–97.

Crawford, John T, Edward G Stets, and Lori A Sprague. 2019. “Network Controls on Mean and Variance of Nitrate Loads from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.” Journal of Environmental Quality 48 (6): 1789–99.

Deemer, Bridget R, Edward G Stets, and Charles B Yackulic. 2020. “Calcite Precipitation in Lake Powell Reduces Alkalinity and Total Salt Loading to the Lower Colorado River Basin.” Limnology and Oceanography 65 (7): 1439–55.

Domagalski, Joseph L, Eric Morway, Nancy L Alvarez, Juliet Hutchins, Michael R Rosen, and Robert Coats. 2021. “Trends in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sediment Concentrations and Loads in Streams Draining to Lake Tahoe, California, Nevada, USA.” Science of The Total Environment 752: 141815.

Duncan, Jonathan M, Lawrence E Band, Peter M Groffman, and Emily S Bernhardt. 2015. “Mechanisms Driving the Seasonality of Catchment Scale Nitrate Export: Evidence for Riparian Ecohydrologic Controls.” Water Resources Research 51 (6): 3982–97.

Ebeling, Pia, Rémi Dupas, Benjamin Abbott, Rohini Kumar, Sophie Ehrhardt, Jan H Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff. 2021. “Long‐term Nitrate Trajectories Vary by Season in Western European Catchments.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35 (9): e2021GB007050.

Ebeling, Pia, Rohini Kumar, Stefanie R Lutz, Tam Nguyen, Fanny Sarrazin, Michael Weber, Olaf Büttner, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Musolff. 2022. “QUADICA: Water QUAlity, DIscharge and Catchment Attributes for Large-Sample Studies in Germany.” Earth System Science Data 14 (8): 3715–41.

Ehrhardt, Sophie, Pia Ebeling, Rémi Dupas, Rohini Kumar, Jan H Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff. 2021. “Nitrate Transport and Retention in Western European Catchments Are Shaped by Hydroclimate and Subsurface Properties.” Water Resources Research 57 (10): e2020WR029469.

Ehrhardt, Sophie, Rohini Kumar, Jan H Fleckenstein, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Musolff. 2019. “Trajectories of Nitrate Input and Output in Three Nested Catchments Along a Land Use Gradient.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23 (9): 3503–24.

Eng, Lauren E, and Todd M Scanlon. 2021. “Comparison of Northeastern and Southeastern US Watershed Response to the Declines in Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition.” Atmospheric Environment 253: 118365.

Eshleman, Keith N, Robert D Sabo, and Kathleen M Kline. 2013. “Surface Water Quality Is Improving Due to Declining Atmospheric n Deposition.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (21): 12193–200.

Getahun, Elias, Laura Keefer, Sangeetha Chandrasekaran, and Atticus Zavelle. 2019. “Water Quality Trend Analysis for the Fox River Watershed: Stratton Dam to the Illinois River.” CR-2019-04. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/103009.

Green, Christopher T, Barbara A Bekins, Stephen J Kalkhoff, Robert M Hirsch, Lixia Liao, and Kimberlee K Barnes. 2014. “Decadal Surface Water Quality Trends Under Variable Climate, Land Use, and Hydrogeochemical Setting in Iowa, USA.” Water Resources Research 50 (3): 2425–43.

Gurbisz, Cassie, and W Michael Kemp. 2014. “Unexpected Resurgence of a Large Submersed Plant Bed in Chesapeake Bay: Analysis of Time Series Data.” Limnology and Oceanography 59 (2): 482–94.

Hickman, RE, and RM Hirsch. 2017. “Trends in the Quality of Water in New Jersey Streams, Water Years 1971–2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5176.”

Hirsch, Robert M. 2012. “Flux of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment from the Susquehanna River Basin to the Chesapeake Bay During Tropical Storm Lee, September 2011, as an Indicator of the Effects of Reservoir Sedimentation on Water Quality.” 2012-5185. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5185/.

Hodson, Timothy O, and Paul J Terrio. 2020. “Trends in Nutrient and Soil Loss in Illinois Rivers, 1978–2017.” 2002-5041. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20205041.

Huntington, Thomas G, and Michael E Wieczorek. 2021. “An Increase in the Slope of the Concentration-Discharge Relation for Total Organic Carbon in Major Rivers in New England, 1973 to 2019.” Science of The Total Environment 778: 146149.

Ilampooranan, Idhayachandhiran, Kimberly J Van Meter, and Nandita B Basu. 2019. “A Race Against Time: Modeling Time Lags in Watershed Response.” Water Resources Research 55 (5): 3941–59.

Isles, Peter DF, Courtney D Giles, Trevor A Gearhart, Yaoyang Xu, Greg K Druschel, and Andrew W Schroth. 2015. “Dynamic Internal Drivers of a Historically Severe Cyanobacteria Bloom in Lake Champlain Revealed Through Comprehensive Monitoring.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 41 (3): 818–29.

Kalkhoff, Stephen J, Laura E Hubbard, Mark D Tomer, and DE James. 2016. “Effect of Variable Annual Precipitation and Nutrient Input on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transport from Two Midwestern Agricultural Watersheds.” Science of the Total Environment 559: 53–62.

Kane, Douglas D, Nathan F Manning, and Laura T Johnson. 2022. “When It Snows It Pours: Increased Chloride Concentrations in the Cuyahoga River During the Last Half Century.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 48 (6): 1573–86.

Kelly, Valerie, Edward G Stets, and Charlie Crawford. 2015. “Long-Term Changes in Nitrate Conditions over the 20th Century in Two Midwestern Corn Belt Streams.” Journal of Hydrology 525: 559–71.

Kleiss, Barbara A, Jennifer C Murphy, Casey M Mayne, Jake P Allgeier, Amanda B Edmondson, Katrina C Ginsberg, Keaton E Jones, Timothy J Lauth, Emily L Moe, and Julie W Murphy. 2021. “Incorporating Water Quality Analysis into Navigation Assessments as Demonstrated in the Mississippi River Basin.” Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 147 (5): 04021022.

Kreiling, Rebecca M, and Jeffrey N Houser. 2016. “Long-Term Decreases in Phosphorus and Suspended Solids, but Not Nitrogen, in Six Upper Mississippi River Tributaries, 1991–2014.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188 (8): 454.

Krempa, Heather M, and Allison K Flickinger. 2017. “Temporal Changes in Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations with Comparisons to Conservation Practices and Agricultural Activities in the Lower Grand River, Missouri and Iowa, and Selected Watersheds, 1969–2015.” 2017-5067. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20175067.

Markus, Momcilo, Misganaw Demissie, Matthew B Short, Siddhartha Verma, and Richard A Cooke. 2014. “Sensitivity Analysis of Annual Nitrate Loads and the Corresponding Trends in the Lower Illinois River.” Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 19 (3): 533–43.

Mayer, Paul M, Michael J Pennino, Tammy A Newcomer-Johnson, and Sujay S Kaushal. 2022. “Long-Term Assessment of Floodplain Reconnection as a Stream Restoration Approach for Managing Nitrogen in Ground and Surface Waters.” Urban Ecosystems 25 (3): 879–907.

McIsaac, Gregory F, Timothy O Hodson, Momcilo Markus, Rabin Bhattarai, and Daniel Chulgi Kim. 2022. “Spatial and Temporal Variations in Phosphorus Loads in the Illinois River Basin, Illinois USA.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association JAWR-22-0041: 16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.13054.

Medalie, Laura. 2013. Concentration, Flux, and the Analysis of Trends of Total and Dissolved Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen, and Chloride in 18 Tributaries to Lake Champlain, Vermont and New York, 1990-2011. Vol. 2013–5021. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5021/.

———. 2016. “Concentration, Flux, and Trend Estimates with Uncertainty for Nutrients, Chloride, and Total Suspended Solids in Tributaries of Lake Champlain, 1990-2014.” 2016-1200. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20161200.

Medalie, Laura, Robert M Hirsch, and Stacey A Archfield. 2012. “Use of Flow-Normalization to Evaluate Nutrient Concentration and Flux Changes in Lake Champlain Tributaries, 1990–2009.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 38: 58–67.

Miller, Jonathan W, Kimia Karimi, Arumugam Sankarasubramanian, and Daniel R Obenour. 2021. “Assessing Interannual Variability in Nitrogen Sourcing and Retention Through Hybrid Bayesian Watershed Modeling.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25 (5): 2789–2804.

Mize, Scott V, Jennifer C Murphy, Timothy H Diehl, and Dennis K Demcheck. 2018. “Suspended-Sediment Concentrations and Loads in the Lower Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers Decreased by Half Between 1980 and 2015.” Journal of Hydrology 564: 1–11.

Moatar, Florentina, Benjamin W Abbott, Camille Minaudo, Florence Curie, and Gilles Pinay. 2017. “Elemental Properties, Hydrology, and Biology Interact to Shape Concentration‐discharge Curves for Carbon, Nutrients, Sediment, and Major Ions.” Water Resources Research 53 (2): 1270–87.

Morway, Eric D, Carl E Thodal, and Mark Marvin-DiPasquale. 2017. “Long-Term Trends of Surface-Water Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations Downstream of Historic Mining Within the Carson River Watershed.” Environmental Pollution 229: 1006–18.

Mullaney, John R. 2016. Nutrient, Organic Carbon, and Chloride Concentrations and Loads in Selected Long Island Sound Tributaries—Four Decades of Change Following the Passage of the Federal Clean Water Act. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5189. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20155189.

Murphy, Jennifer C. 2020. “Changing Suspended Sediment in United States Rivers and Streams: Linking Sediment Trends to Changes in Land Use/Cover, Hydrology and Climate.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24 (2): 991–1010.

Murphy, Jennifer, Robert M Hirsch, and Lori A Sprague. 2013. Nitrate in the Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1980-2010: An Update. U.s.geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5169. US Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5169/pdf/sir20135169.pdf.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2020. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program. Washington DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25851.

National Academies of Sciences, and Medicine, Engineering. 2022. The Future of Water Quality in Coeur d’alene Lake. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26620.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Achieving Nutrient and Sediment Reduction Goals in the Chesapeake Bay: An Evaluation of Program Strategies and Implementation. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13131.

Nguyen, Tam V, Fanny J Sarrazin, Pia Ebeling, Andreas Musolff, Jan H Fleckenstein, and Rohini Kumar. 2022. “Toward Understanding of Long‐term Nitrogen Transport and Retention Dynamics Across German Catchments.” Geophysical Research Letters 49 (24): e2022GL100278.

Oelsner, Gretchen P, Lori A Sprague, Jennifer C Murphy, Robert E Zuellig, Henry M Johnson, Karen R Ryberg, James A Falcone, Edward G Stets, Aldo V Vecchia, and Melissa L Riskin. 2017. “Water-Quality Trends in the Nation’s Rivers and Streams, 1972–2012—Data Preparation, Statistical Methods, and Trend Results.” 2017-5006. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2017/5006/sir20175006_ver2.0.pdf.

Oelsner, Gretchen P, and Edward G Stets. 2019. “Recent Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Coastal Areas of the Conterminous US: Insights and Global Context.” Science of The Total Environment 654: 1225–40.

Paerl, Hans W, Joseph R Crosswell, Bryce Van Dam, Nathan S Hall, Karen L Rossignol, Christopher L Osburn, Alexandria G Hounshell, Randolph S Sloup, and Lawrence W Harding. 2018. “Two Decades of Tropical Cyclone Impacts on North Carolina’s Estuarine Carbon, Nutrient and Phytoplankton Dynamics: Implications for Biogeochemical Cycling and Water Quality in a Stormier World.” Biogeochemistry 141 (3): 307–32.

Paerl, Hans W, Nathan S Hall, Alexandria G Hounshell, Richard A Luettich, Karen L Rossignol, Christopher L Osburn, and Jerad Bales. 2019. “Recent Increase in Catastrophic Tropical Cyclone Flooding in Coastal North Carolina, USA: Long-Term Observations Suggest a Regime Shift.” Scientific Reports 9 (1): 1–9.

Parr, Thomas B, Shreeram P Inamdar, and Matthew J Miller. 2019. “Overlapping Anthropogenic Effects on Hydrologic and Seasonal Trends in DOC in a Surface Water Dependent Water Utility.” Water Research 148: 407–15.

Rankinen, Katri, Hanna Keinänen, and José Enrique Cano Bernal. 2016. “Influence of Climate and Land Use Changes on Nutrient Fluxes from Finnish Rivers to the Baltic Sea.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 216: 100–115.

Rankinen, K, G Gao, K Granlund, J Grönroos, and L Vesikko. 2015. “Comparison of Impacts of Human Activities and Climate Change on Water Quantity and Quality in Finnish Agricultural Catchments.” Landscape Ecology 30 (3): 415–28.

Robertson, Dale M, Benjamin J Siebers, Matthew W Diebel, and Andrew J Somor. 2018. “Water-Quality Response to Changes in Phosphorus Loading of the Winnebago Pool Lakes, Wisconsin, with Special Emphasis on the Effects of Internal Loading in a Chain of Shallow Lakes.” U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5099. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185099.

Rosenberg, Braden D, and Andrew W Schroth. 2017. “Coupling of Reactive Riverine Phosphorus and Iron Species During Hot Transport Moments: Impacts of Land Cover and Seasonality.” Biogeochemistry 132 (1): 103–22.

Ross, Andrew C, and Charles A Stock. 2019. “An Assessment of the Predictability of Column Minimum Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Chesapeake Bay Using a Machine Learning Model.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 221: 53–65.

Rossi, Marissa L, Peleg Kremer, Charles A Cravotta, Krista E Scheirer, and Steven T Goldsmith. 2022. “Long-Term Impacts of Impervious Surface Cover Change and Roadway Deicing Agent Application on Chloride Concentrations in Exurban and Suburban Watersheds.” Science of the Total Environment 851: 157933.

Rumsey, Christine A, John C Hammond, Jennifer Murphy, Megan Shoda, and Alexander Soroka. 2023. “Spatial Patterns and Seasonal Timing of Increasing Riverine Specific Conductance from 1998 to 2018 Suggest Legacy Contamination in the Delaware River Basin.” Science of The Total Environment 858: 159691.

Rumsey, Christine A, Matthew P Miller, Gregory E Schwarz, Robert M Hirsch, and David D Susong. 2017. “The Role of Baseflow in Dissolved Solids Delivery to Streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin.” Hydrological Processes 31 (26): 4705–18.

Rumsey, Christine A, Olivia Miller, Robert M Hirsch, Thomas M Marston, and David D Susong. 2021. “Substantial Declines in Salinity Observed Across the Upper Colorado River Basin During the 20th Century, 1929–2019.” Water Resources Research 57 (5): e2020WR028581.

Ryberg, Karen R. 2017. “Structural Equation Model of Total Phosphorus Loads in the Red River of the North Basin, USA and Canada.” Journal of Environmental Quality 46 (5): 1072–80.

Ryberg, Karen R, F Adnan Akyüz, and Wei Lin. 2006. “Changes in Total Phosphorus Concentration in the Red River of the North Basin, 1970-2012.” In, 1. American Society of Agricultural; Biological Engineers. https://doi.org/10.13031/rrv2015054.

Ryberg, Karen R, Joel D Blomquist, Lori A Sprague, Andrew J Sekellick, and Jennifer Keisman. 2018. “Modeling Drivers of Phosphorus Loads in Chesapeake Bay Tributaries and Inferences about Long-Term Change.” Science of the Total Environment 616: 1423–30.

Sanford, Ward E, and Jason P Pope. 2013. “Quantifying Groundwater’s Role in Delaying Improvements to Chesapeake Bay Water Quality.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (23): 13330–38.

Savoie, Jennifer G, John R Mullaney, and Gardner C Bent. 2017. Analysis of Trends of Water Quality and Streamflow in the Blackstone, Branch, Pawtuxet, and Pawcatuck Rivers, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, 1979 to 2015. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5178. U.S. Geological Survey.

Scavia, Donald, Serghei A Bocaniov, Awoke Dagnew, Colleen Long, and Yu-Chen Wang. 2019. “St. Clair-Detroit River System: Phosphorus Mass Balance and Implications for Lake Erie Load Reduction, Monitoring, and Climate Change.” Journal of Great Lakes Research 45 (1): 40–49.

Schilling, Keith E, Matthew T Streeter, Anthony Seeman, Christopher S Jones, and Calvin F Wolter. 2020. “Total Phosphorus Export from Iowa Agricultural Watersheds: Quantifying the Scope and Scale of a Regional Condition.” Journal of Hydrology 581: 124397.

Schilling, KE, CS Jones, CF Wolter, X Liang, Y-K Zhang, A Seeman, T Isenhart, D Schnoebelen, and M Skopec. 2017. “Variability of Nitrate-Nitrogen Load Estimation Results Will Make Quantifying Load Reduction Strategies Difficult in Iowa.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 72 (4): 317–25.

Schramm, Michael, Tyson Broad, and Tom Arsuffi. 2018. “Escherichia Coli and Dissolved Oxygen Trends in the Upper Llano River Watershed, Texas (2001-2016).” TR-511. College Station, Texas: Texas Water Resources Institute.

Shafiei, Farshad. 2021. “Nutrient Mass Balance of a Large Riverine Reservoir in the Context of Water Residence Time Variability.” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (29): 39082–100.

Shoda, Megan E, and Jennifer C Murphy. 2022. “Water-Quality Trends in the Delaware River Basin Calculated Using Multisource Data and Two Methods for Trend Periods Ending in 2018.” U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2022-5097. U.S. Geological Survey. doi.org/10.3133/sir20225097.

Shoda, Megan E, Lori A Sprague, Jennifer C Murphy, and Melissa L Riskin. 2019. “Water-Quality Trends in US Rivers, 2002 to 2012: Relations to Levels of Concern.” Science of the Total Environment 650: 2314–24.

Sinha, Eva, and Anna M Michalak. 2016. “Precipitation Dominates Interannual Variability of Riverine Nitrogen Loading Across the Continental United States.” Environmental Science & Technology 50 (23): 12874–84.

Sinha, Eva, Anna M Michalak, Venkatramani Balaji, and Laure Resplandy. 2022. “India’s Riverine Nitrogen Runoff Strongly Impacted by Monsoon Variability.” Environmental Science & Technology 56 (16): 11335–42.

Smith, AJ, BT Duffy, A Onion, DL Heitzman, JL Lojpersberger, EA Mosher, and MA Novak. 2018. “Long‐term Trends in Biological Indicators and Water Quality in Rivers and Streams of n Ew y Ork s Tate (1972–2012).” River Research and Applications 34 (5): 442–50.

Smith, Jared D, Laurence Lin, Julianne D Quinn, and Lawrence E Band. 2022. “Guidance on Evaluating Parametric Model Uncertainty at Decision-Relevant Scales.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26 (9): 2519–39.

Sprague, Lori A., Robert M. Hirsch, and Brent T. Aulenbach. 2011. “Nitrate in the Mississippi River and Its Tributaries, 1980 to 2008: Are We Making Progress?” Environmental Science & Technology 45 (17): 7209–16. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201221s.

Sprague, Lori A, Richard M Mitchell, Amina I Pollard, and James A Falcone. 2019. “Assessing Water-Quality Changes in US Rivers at Multiple Geographic Scales Using Results from Probabilistic and Targeted Monitoring.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191 (6): 1–12.

Stackpoole, Sarah M, Edward G Stets, David W Clow, Douglas A Burns, George R Aiken, Brent T Aulenbach, Irena F Creed, Robert M Hirsch, Hjalmar Laudon, and Brian A Pellerin. 2017. “Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Dissolved Organic Matter Quantity and Quality in the Mississippi River Basin, 1997–2013.” Hydrological Processes 31 (4): 902–15.

Stackpoole, Sarah M, Edward G Stets, and Lori A Sprague. 2019. “Variable Impacts of Contemporary Versus Legacy Agricultural Phosphorus on US River Water Quality.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (41): 20562–67.

Stackpoole, Sarah, Robert Sabo, James Falcone, and Lori Sprague. 2021. “Long‐term Mississippi River Trends Expose Shifts in the River Load Response to Watershed Nutrient Balances Between 1975 and 2017.” Water Resources Research 57 (11): e2021WR030318.

Stackpoole, SM, RD Sabo, and JA Falcone. 2021. “Nutrient Balances, River Loads, and a Counterfactual Analysis to Determine Drivers of Mississippi River Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads Between 1975 and 2017.” US Geological Survey Data Release. Https://Doi. Org/10.5066/P9ZM964O.

Stelzer, Robert S, Thomas B Parr, and Mamadou Coulibaly. 2020. “A Ten Year Record of Nitrate Retention and Solute Trends in a Wisconsin Sand Plains Stream: Temporal Variation at Multiple Scales.” Biogeochemistry 147 (2): 125–47.

Stets, Edward G, Casey J Lee, Darren A Lytle, and Michael R Schock. 2018. “Increasing Chloride in Rivers of the Conterminous US and Linkages to Potential Corrosivity and Lead Action Level Exceedances in Drinking Water.” Science of the Total Environment 613: 1498–1509.

Stets, Edward G, Lori A Sprague, Gretchen P Oelsner, Hank M Johnson, Jennifer C Murphy, Karen Ryberg, Aldo V Vecchia, Robert E Zuellig, James A Falcone, and Melissa L Riskin. 2020. “Landscape Drivers of Dynamic Change in Water Quality of US Rivers.” Environmental Science & Technology 54 (7): 4336–43.

Testa, Jeremy M, Vyacheslav Lyubchich, and Qian Zhang. 2019. “Patterns and Trends in Secchi Disk Depth over Three Decades in the Chesapeake Bay Estuarine Complex.” Estuaries and Coasts 42 (4): 927–43.

Testa, Jeremy M, Rebecca R Murphy, Damian C Brady, and William M Kemp. 2018. “Nutrient-and Climate-Induced Shifts in the Phenology of Linked Biogeochemical Cycles in a Temperate Estuary.” Frontiers in Marine Science 5: 114.

Underwood, Kristen L, Donna M Rizzo, Andrew W Schroth, and Mandar M Dewoolkar. 2017. “Evaluating Spatial Variability in Sediment and Phosphorus Concentration‐discharge Relationships Using Bayesian Inference and Self‐organizing Maps.” Water Resources Research 53 (12): 10293–316.

Van Meter, Kim J, and NB Basu. 2017. “Time Lags in Watershed-Scale Nutrient Transport: An Exploration of Dominant Controls.” Environmental Research Letters 12 (8): 084017.

Van Meter, Kimberly J, MM McLeod, J Liu, G Thierry Tenkouano, RI Hall, P Van Cappellen, and NB Basu. 2021. “Beyond the Mass Balance: Watershed Phosphorus Legacies and the Evolution of the Current Water Quality Policy Challenge.” Water Resources Research 57 (10): e2020WR029316.

Van Meter, KJ, NB Basu, and Philippe Van Cappellen. 2017. “Two Centuries of Nitrogen Dynamics: Legacy Sources and Sinks in the Mississippi and Susquehanna River Basins.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 31 (1): 2–23.

Verma, Siddhartha, Alena Bartosova, Momcilo Markus, Richard Cooke, Myoung-Jin Um, and Daeryong Park. 2018. “Quantifying the Role of Large Floods in Riverine Nutrient Loadings Using Linear Regression and Analysis of Covariance.” Sustainability 10 (8): 2876.

Vlahos, Penny, Michael M Whitney, Christina Menniti, John R Mullaney, Jonathan Morrison, and Yan Jia. 2020. “Nitrogen Budgets of the Long Island Sound Estuary.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 232: 106493.

Vrzel, Janja, and Nives Ogrinc. 2015. “Nutrient Variations in the Sava River Basin.” Journal of Soils and Sediments 15 (12): 2380–86.

Wachholz, Alexander, James W Jawitz, Olaf Büttner, Seifeddine Jomaa, Ralf Merz, Soohyun Yang, and Dietrich Borchardt. 2022. “Drivers of Multi-Decadal Nitrate Regime Shifts in a Large European Catchment.” Environmental Research Letters.

Warrick, Jonathan A. 2014. “Eel River Margin Source-to-Sink Sediment Budgets: Revisited.” Marine Geology 351: 25–37.

Wilkison, Donald H, and Daniel J Armstrong. 2016. “Water‐quality Assessment of the Lower Grand River Basin, Missouri and Iowa, USA, in Support of Integrated Conservation Practices.” River Research and Applications 32 (4): 583–96.

Wu, Kaibin, Minpeng Hu, Yufu Zhang, Jia Zhou, Hao Wu, Mingfeng Wang, and Dingjiang Chen. 2022. “Long-Term Riverine Nitrogen Dynamics Reveal the Efficacy of Water Pollution Control Strategies.” Journal of Hydrology 607: 127582.

Yan, Xingcheng, Josette Garnier, Gilles Billen, Shuaitao Wang, and Vincent Thieu. 2022. “Unravelling Nutrient Fate and CO2 Concentrations in the Reservoirs of the Seine Basin Using a Modelling Approach.” Water Research 225: 119135.

Yates, Adam G, Robert B Brua, Arthur Friesen, Sharon Reedyk, and Glenn Benoy. 2022. “Nutrient and Suspended Solid Concentrations, Loads, and Yields in Rivers Across the Lake Winnipeg Basin: A Twenty Year Trend Assessment.” Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 44: 101249.

Zhang, Q., D. C. Brady, and W. P. Ball. 2013. “Long-Term Seasonal Trends of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Suspended Sediment Load from the Non-Tidal Susquehanna River Basin to Chesapeake Bay.” Science of The Total Environment 452–453 (0): 208–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.012.

Zhang, Qian, William P Ball, and Douglas L Moyer. 2016. “Decadal-Scale Export of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sediment from the Susquehanna River Basin, USA: Analysis and Synthesis of Temporal and Spatial Patterns.” Science of the Total Environment 563: 1016–29.

Zhang, Qian, and Joel D Blomquist. 2018. “Watershed Export of Fine Sediment, Organic Carbon, and Chlorophyll-a to Chesapeake Bay: Spatial and Temporal Patterns in 1984–2016.” Science of the Total Environment 619: 1066–78.

Zhang, Qian, Joel T Bostic, and Robert D Sabo. 2022. “Regional Patterns and Drivers of Total Nitrogen Trends in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: Insights from Machine Learning Approaches and Management Implications.” Water Research 218: 118443.

Zhang, Qian, Thomas R Fisher, Claire Buchanan, Anne B Gustafson, Renee R Karrh, Rebecca R Murphy, Jeremy M Testa, Richard Tian, and Peter J Tango. 2022. “Nutrient Limitation of Phytoplankton in Three Tributaries of Chesapeake Bay: Detecting Responses Following Nutrient Reductions.” Water Research 226: 119099.

Zhang, Qian, Robert M Hirsch, and William P Ball. 2016. “Long-Term Changes in Sediment and Nutrient Delivery from Conowingo Dam to Chesapeake Bay: Effects of Reservoir Sedimentation.” Environmental Science & Technology 50 (4): 1877–86.

Zikalala, Prudentia, Isaya Kisekka, and Mark Grismer. 2021. “Hydrological Processing of Salinity and Nitrate in the Salinas Valley Agricultural Watershed.” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 193 (1): 1–33.