USGS dataretrieval Python Package Surface-Water `get_field_measurements()` Examples

This notebook provides examples of using the Python dataretrieval package to retrieve surface water field measurement data for a United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring location. The dataretrieval package provides a collection of functions to get data from the USGS Water Data API and other online sources of hydrology and water quality data.

Install the Package

Use the following code to install the package if it doesn’t exist already within your Jupyter Python environment.

[1]:

!pip install dataretrieval

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Load the package so you can use it along with other packages used in this notebook.

[2]:

from IPython.display import display

import dataretrieval.waterdata as waterdata

Basic Usage

The dataretrieval package has several functions that allow you to retrieve data from the USGS Water Data API. This example uses the get_field_measurements() function to retrieve surface water field measurements for a USGS monitoring location. Field measurements are physically measured values (such as gage height and discharge) collected during a visit to a monitoring location, and are primarily used as calibration readings for the automated sensors collecting continuous data. The function accepts the following arguments (all optional):

monitoring_location_id (string or list of strings): A unique identifier representing a single monitoring location, formed by combining the responsible agency code with the location ID number, separated by a hyphen (e.g. USGS-10109000). A list may be supplied to query multiple locations.
parameter_code (string or list of strings): One or more 5-digit parameter codes identifying the constituent measured and its units of measure.
time (string): The date an observation represents. Accepts an RFC 3339 date-time, a bounded or half-bounded interval (e.g. 2019-01-01/2019-12-31 or 2019-01-01/..), or an ISO 8601 duration (e.g. P20Y for the past 20 years).
skip_geometry (boolean): If True, response geometries are omitted and a plain (non-spatial) data frame is returned.

Additional query parameters such as approval_status, qualifier, bbox, and limit are also supported; see the get_field_measurements() docstring for the full list.

Example 1: Get all of the field measurements for a single monitoring location

[3]:

measurements1 = waterdata.get_field_measurements(monitoring_location_id="USGS-10109000")
print("Retrieved " + str(len(measurements1[0])) + " data values.")

Retrieving: field-measurements · 1 page · 1,918 rows
No API key detected — register for higher rate limits at https://api.waterdata.usgs.gov/signup/

Retrieved 1918 data values.

Interpreting the Result

The get_field_measurements() function returns a tuple of two objects: a pandas data frame and an associated metadata object. The data frame is flat, uses a default integer index, and contains a time column holding the date of each measurement (along with columns such as monitoring_location_id, parameter_code, value, and unit_of_measure).

Once you’ve got the data frame, there are several useful things you can do to explore the data.

Display the data frame as a table

[4]:

display(measurements1[0])

	geometry	field_measurements_series_id	reading_type	field_visit_id	parameter_code	monitoring_location_id	observing_procedure_code	observing_procedure	value	unit_of_measure	...	approval_status	measuring_agency	last_modified	control_condition	measurement_rated	year	month	day	time_of_day	field_measurement_id
0	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	4cd21ba9-8644-ebfc-e053-0100007fd6db	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Unspecified	17.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Excellent	1951	9	6	16:40:00+00:00	171d94e4-8989-4948-9ebd-42037d03e464
1	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	4cd21ba9-8644-ebfc-e053-0100007fd6db	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	0.94	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Excellent	1951	9	6	16:40:00+00:00	a6764889-4d58-4f83-8e20-d6fde4a5e4e5
2	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	4cd21977-d55d-efa9-e053-0100007fcc60	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Unspecified	12.50	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Unspecified	1951	12	13	19:10:00+00:00	28b847e8-45ac-4643-a4ff-55931b008de4
3	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	4cd21977-d55d-efa9-e053-0100007fcc60	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	0.88	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Unspecified	1951	12	13	19:10:00+00:00	891e4d38-b26b-4bd9-a664-8446c916f6b4
4	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	4cd21ba9-8645-ebfc-e053-0100007fd6db	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	1.80	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	1952	4	23	17:25:00+00:00	8803ac0a-5a2e-4538-ac50-8a23b3867e42
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
1913	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	98c59f70-ce2c-4a4d-9acf-18a179a96c78	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	3.11	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2026	4	20	16:31:59+00:00	54242802-9af6-41bb-9959-967334b06e20
1914	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	6e48b7b6-152b-4a98-a974-87adf3d0ddc8	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	354.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	5	12	20:07:07+00:00	d9997123-e13c-4281-8578-8e5b012d3461
1915	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	6e48b7b6-152b-4a98-a974-87adf3d0ddc8	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	3.38	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	5	12	20:07:07+00:00	f27dc6d2-0962-472e-a1e6-eff975dde0f5
1916	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	20adb970-eb0a-4892-b5f2-92e7d1678b73	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	3.28	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2026	5	26	23:39:33+00:00	4f1c3cdd-7012-4420-8389-d56dab84c507
1917	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	20adb970-eb0a-4892-b5f2-92e7d1678b73	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	321.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2026	5	26	23:39:33+00:00	d81ddc27-7142-4241-9452-c306700edd13

1918 rows × 23 columns

Show the data types of the columns in the resulting data frame.

[5]:

print(measurements1[0].dtypes)

geometry                                   geometry
field_measurements_series_id                    str
reading_type                                    str
field_visit_id                                  str
parameter_code                                  str
monitoring_location_id                          str
observing_procedure_code                        str
observing_procedure                             str
value                                       float64
unit_of_measure                                 str
time                            datetime64[us, UTC]
qualifier                                    object
vertical_datum                                  str
approval_status                                 str
measuring_agency                                str
last_modified                   datetime64[us, UTC]
control_condition                               str
measurement_rated                               str
year                                          int64
month                                         int64
day                                           int64
time_of_day                                     str
field_measurement_id                            str
dtype: object

The other part of the result returned from the get_field_measurements() function is a metadata object that contains information about the query that was executed to return the data. For example, you can access the URL that was assembled to retrieve the requested data from the USGS Water Data API.

[6]:

print("The query URL used to retrieve the data from the Water Data API was: " + measurements1[1].url)

The query URL used to retrieve the data from the Water Data API was: https://api.waterdata.usgs.gov/ogcapi/v0/collections/field-measurements/items?monitoring_location_id=USGS-10109000&skipGeometry=false&limit=50000

Additional Examples

Example 2: Get all of the field measurements between a start and end date

[7]:

measurements2 = waterdata.get_field_measurements(
    monitoring_location_id="USGS-10109000", time="2019-01-01/2019-12-31"
)
print("Retrieved " + str(len(measurements2[0])) + " data values.")
display(measurements2[0])

Retrieving: field-measurements · 1 page · 18 rows

Retrieved 18 data values.

	geometry	field_measurements_series_id	reading_type	field_visit_id	parameter_code	monitoring_location_id	observing_procedure_code	observing_procedure	value	unit_of_measure	...	approval_status	measuring_agency	last_modified	control_condition	measurement_rated	year	month	day	time_of_day	field_measurement_id
0	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	80a47f55-5d75-9c33-e053-0100007fa04d	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.43	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	1	29	19:57:30+00:00	6bdeaecd-a7aa-4be0-bff2-e6c5ef2df404
1	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	80a47f55-5d75-9c33-e053-0100007fa04d	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	83.80	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	1	29	19:57:30+00:00	ca56f390-44e2-4ac9-a038-f7427f1310f3
2	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	83ebd5c5-373c-5a52-e053-0100007f5e38	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.46	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	3	11	19:29:30+00:00	78cb7375-25e4-4ac6-8e9a-c8c1a55844f0
3	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	83ebd5c5-373c-5a52-e053-0100007f5e38	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	94.20	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	3	11	19:29:30+00:00	a498deb9-40a0-4a8e-a5e8-86dce988995d
4	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	873f3a85-f698-41b8-e053-0100007fc351	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	3.29	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	4	23	21:39:16+00:00	631ffc3c-d80c-4704-b126-8729e63c906c
5	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	873f3a85-f698-41b8-e053-0100007fc351	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	337.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	4	23	21:39:16+00:00	71cede54-6330-4413-9a10-380cd8f2ee78
6	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	8b3913bf-9253-4f4f-e053-0100007f3ec4	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	709.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	6	12	14:02:56+00:00	98d24fbd-2c9f-4f1a-a3be-571d27e9a441
7	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	8b3913bf-9253-4f4f-e053-0100007f3ec4	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	4.09	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	6	12	14:02:56+00:00	ef5d6df8-8081-4e39-930e-40cc190aa9b6
8	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	8ef1af85-190d-3d4c-e053-0100007f711a	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.84	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	7	30	17:57:17+00:00	2d379146-bd65-4a8c-a868-665a10c933be
9	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	8ef1af85-190d-3d4c-e053-0100007f711a	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	167.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	7	30	17:57:17+00:00	41ef994d-6896-4fd9-b31c-d7284e4e32eb
10	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	8ef1af85-190d-3d4c-e053-0100007f711a	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	162.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	7	30	18:06:00+00:00	44659028-4656-4d92-a89a-aa44e2f0ea78
11	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	8ef1af85-190d-3d4c-e053-0100007f711a	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.84	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	7	30	18:06:00+00:00	4f7bb602-4112-4249-9ccf-5dc49e52428f
12	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	92d627a0-a0f4-3689-e053-0100007f10f2	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	126.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	9	16	16:59:19+00:00	17b797f6-7135-4c19-a1a1-78272482ba38
13	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	92d627a0-a0f4-3689-e053-0100007f10f2	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.64	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Vegetation - Light	Good	2019	9	16	16:59:19+00:00	e5b5f085-a98e-489a-87e1-36024bb9dca6
14	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	9603d708-a28c-04b1-e053-0100007f2a41	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	133.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	10	28	19:06:42+00:00	5fab5973-e8eb-4ef9-a65c-31d2c5898198
15	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	9603d708-a28c-04b1-e053-0100007f2a41	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.64	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	10	28	19:06:42+00:00	a93eecf4-982b-4c7e-9ad0-22278bb9030f
16	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	7d5b4004-ca7e-46c5-9bde-25d5dde481c8	Discharge	92b3d616-e8fb-4f7f-862d-632f6ad1c26b	00060	USGS-10109000	Z	Mid-section	122.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	12	3	20:53:15+00:00	329fff59-5f9d-4567-afc8-96dbbde2e885
17	POINT (-111.78398 41.74355)	442c040d-8a0f-43e8-b4c7-840b2a60a89a	MeanGageHeight	92b3d616-e8fb-4f7f-862d-632f6ad1c26b	00065	USGS-10109000	Z	None	2.60	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-03 22:25:57.846799+00:00	Clear	Good	2019	12	3	20:53:15+00:00	6f5f04d1-5473-4e44-bba3-3c90c8e6c591

18 rows × 23 columns

Example 3: Get all of the field measurements for multiple monitoring locations

[8]:

measurements3 = waterdata.get_field_measurements(monitoring_location_id=["USGS-01594440", "USGS-040851325"])
print("Retrieved " + str(len(measurements3[0])) + " data values.")
display(measurements3[0])

Retrieving: field-measurements · 1 page · 980 rows

Retrieved 980 data values.

	geometry	field_measurements_series_id	reading_type	field_visit_id	parameter_code	monitoring_location_id	observing_procedure_code	observing_procedure	value	unit_of_measure	...	approval_status	measuring_agency	last_modified	control_condition	measurement_rated	year	month	day	time_of_day	field_measurement_id
0	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	53fb2a20-7b79-4148-e053-0100007f46df	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Unspecified	152.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Good	1955	4	7	19:05:00+00:00	4e550f30-3da4-4729-b36b-788ae2cf9680
1	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	10f75368-e5d4-4b6a-a4a7-ec3f00f906b7	MeanGageHeight	53fb2a20-7b79-4148-e053-0100007f46df	00065	USGS-01594440	Z	None	3.11	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Good	1955	4	7	19:05:00+00:00	93aee83d-c391-4422-be34-b6e4144b525c
2	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	10f75368-e5d4-4b6a-a4a7-ec3f00f906b7	MeanGageHeight	53fb2518-fafa-3f15-e053-0100007fbbce	00065	USGS-01594440	Z	None	2.76	ft	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	1955	5	4	21:05:00+00:00	2a13de67-5ffe-4923-a183-4a67741b1bd4
3	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	53fb2518-fafa-3f15-e053-0100007fbbce	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Unspecified	127.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	1955	5	4	21:05:00+00:00	73321d7b-a26f-46cc-9392-e79fad41a36c
4	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	53fb2a2a-6d26-3f11-e053-0100007f0ef5	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Unspecified	310.00	ft^3/s	...	Approved	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Good	1955	6	10	13:35:00+00:00	080b011e-91b9-4c77-af83-c49c59a48562
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
975	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	53cd995f-745d-4342-bbb8-2c3a294fc56a	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	121.00	ft^3/s	...	Provisional	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	5	20	15:33:18+00:00	b155341c-9eb0-4d89-a82c-7a825769eb5c
976	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	10f75368-e5d4-4b6a-a4a7-ec3f00f906b7	MeanGageHeight	0f32679d-5358-4d28-9ed9-6900c09f1b81	00065	USGS-01594440	Z	None	4.23	ft	...	Provisional	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	6	10	17:19:17+00:00	0a7a8ee3-3606-4075-9599-210f899afacb
977	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	0f32679d-5358-4d28-9ed9-6900c09f1b81	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	124.00	ft^3/s	...	Provisional	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	6	10	17:19:17+00:00	888d6076-ae7b-496d-b4bb-edfb3a091d63
978	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	af34921e-31ca-46f0-afad-731e7ab10cae	Discharge	0f32679d-5358-4d28-9ed9-6900c09f1b81	00060	USGS-01594440	Z	Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler	124.00	ft^3/s	...	Provisional	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	6	10	18:18:21+00:00	5d6e6e9b-4eaa-42ef-b9ba-4535d012d8a9
979	POINT (-76.69369 38.95592)	10f75368-e5d4-4b6a-a4a7-ec3f00f906b7	MeanGageHeight	0f32679d-5358-4d28-9ed9-6900c09f1b81	00065	USGS-01594440	Z	None	4.25	ft	...	Provisional	USGS	2026-06-11 12:25:29.250421+00:00	Clear	Fair	2026	6	10	18:18:21+00:00	e6a81b16-42cf-498d-bc06-53ac5e52fb55

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USGS dataretrieval Python Package Surface-Water get_field_measurements() Examples

Install the Package

Basic Usage

Interpreting the Result

Additional Examples

USGS dataretrieval Python Package Surface-Water `get_field_measurements()` Examples